How to Format Your Thesis

How to Format Your Thesis

The culmination of years of rigorous academic pursuit, your thesis or dissertation stands as a testament to your intellectual journey, research prowess, and scholarly contribution. Yet, beyond the groundbreaking ideas and meticulously gathered data, lies a critical, often underestimated, component: its formatting. A perfectly formatted thesis isn’t merely an aesthetic nicety; it is a non-negotiable requirement that underpins your work’s credibility, ensures its readability, and, most importantly, dictates its acceptance. Ignoring the intricate rules of thesis formatting is akin to presenting a masterpiece on a crumpled canvas – the brilliance of the content is overshadowed by a lack of professional presentation.

This comprehensive guide delves into the precise, actionable steps required to transform your raw manuscript into a polished, compliant, and professionally presented thesis. We will strip away the ambiguity, provide concrete examples, and equip you with the knowledge to navigate the often-daunting landscape of academic formatting. From understanding the foundational guidelines to mastering the minutiae of page numbering and leveraging advanced word processing features, every detail will be covered, ensuring your thesis not only meets but exceeds the stringent standards of academic excellence. Prepare to meticulously craft a document that reflects the true caliber of your scholarship.

Understanding the Foundation: University Guidelines and Style Guides

Before a single word of your thesis is formatted, or even written, your absolute first step must be to acquire and thoroughly comprehend the specific formatting guidelines issued by your university or academic institution. This is not merely a suggestion; it is the bedrock upon which your entire formatting strategy must be built. These institutional guidelines are the supreme authority, superseding any general advice, academic style guide, or personal preference. Failure to adhere to them is the most common reason for thesis rejection or mandatory revisions, often at the eleventh hour.

University-Specific Requirements: Your Primary Directive

Every university, and sometimes even individual departments or faculties within a university, maintains a unique set of rules for thesis and dissertation submission. These rules are typically compiled into a comprehensive document, often titled “Thesis and Dissertation Manual,” “Graduate School Formatting Guidelines,” or “Submission Requirements for Theses and Dissertations.” Your immediate task is to locate this document. It is usually available on the graduate school’s website, the library’s academic resources page, or your department’s administrative portal. Do not rely on anecdotal advice from peers or outdated versions; always seek the most current official document.

Once obtained, read this manual meticulously, from cover to cover. Pay particular attention to sections detailing:

• Binding and Paper Quality: Some universities specify the type of paper (e.g., acid-free, 20 lb bond), the color, and even the binding method (e.g., hardbound, softbound, spiral). While these might seem like minor details, they are often non-negotiable for physical copies. For digital submissions, ensure you understand the required file format (almost universally PDF) and any specific naming conventions.
  • Example: “Your university’s manual might state: ‘All print copies must be on 8.5 x 11-inch, 20 lb, acid-free, white paper, with a minimum of 25% cotton content. Hardbound copies are required for library archiving, with specific color and lettering specifications.'”
• Submission Format: Clarify whether your submission is entirely digital, requires physical copies, or both. Understand the process for electronic submission platforms, including file size limits, metadata requirements, and deadlines.
  • Example: “The guidelines may stipulate: ‘Final thesis submission is exclusively via the university’s online repository in a single, searchable PDF file. Ensure all fonts are embedded and security settings allow for printing and text selection.'”
• Page Order: The sequence of preliminary pages (title page, abstract, table of contents, etc.) is often rigidly defined. Deviating from this order can lead to immediate rejection.
  • Example: “The manual might specify: ‘The preliminary pages must appear in the following order: Title Page, Copyright Page (optional), Abstract, Dedication (optional), Acknowledgements (optional), Table of Contents, List of Tables, List of Figures, List of Symbols/Abbreviations (if applicable), Preface (optional).'”
• Specific Margin Requirements: While general academic standards exist, your university will have precise measurements for top, bottom, left, and right margins, often with a larger left margin to accommodate binding.
  • Example: “A common university requirement is: ‘All pages must have a minimum of 1-inch margins on the top, bottom, and right sides. The left margin must be 1.5 inches to allow for proper binding.'”
• Font Types and Sizes: Beyond general recommendations, specific fonts (e.g., Times New Roman, Arial) and their exact sizes for the main text, headings, captions, footnotes, and page numbers are frequently mandated.
  • Example: “The guidelines might state: ‘The main body text must be in 12-point Times New Roman. Chapter titles should be 14-point, bold, and centered. Footnotes must be 10-point Times New Roman.'”

Treat your university’s formatting manual as your ultimate authority. Create a checklist from its contents and tick off each item as you format, ensuring no detail is overlooked.

Academic Style Guides (and when they apply)

While your university’s guidelines dictate the overarching structural and aesthetic elements of your thesis, academic style guides govern the internal mechanics of scholarly writing, particularly concerning citations, references, and sometimes even heading levels and general prose. The choice of style guide is almost always dictated by your academic discipline.

Common academic style guides include:

• APA (American Psychological Association): Predominantly used in social sciences (psychology, sociology, education), business, and nursing. It emphasizes author-date citations and a specific structure for empirical research papers.
  • Example: “If your thesis is in psychology, APA 7th Edition will dictate your in-text citations (e.g., Smith, 2023), your reference list format (e.g., Smith, J. (2023). Title of work.), and specific heading levels (e.g., Level 1: Centered, Bold; Level 2: Flush Left, Bold).”
• MLA (Modern Language Association): Primarily used in the humanities, especially literature, language, and cultural studies. It focuses on author-page number citations and a “Works Cited” list.
  • Example: “For a literature thesis, MLA 9th Edition would require in-text citations like (Austen 125) and a Works Cited entry such as: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Penguin Classics, 2007.”
• Chicago (Chicago Manual of Style): Highly versatile, used in history, arts, and some social sciences. It offers two distinct citation systems: Notes and Bibliography (for humanities) and Author-Date (for sciences).
  • Example: “A history thesis might use Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography system, requiring footnotes or endnotes for citations and a comprehensive bibliography at the end.”
• Harvard Referencing: A generic term for an author-date system, widely used in the UK and Australia, particularly in economics, business, and natural sciences. Its specific rules can vary by institution.
  • Example: “In a business thesis using Harvard, an in-text citation might be (Porter, 1980) and the reference list entry: Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy. New York: Free Press.”
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): Standard for engineering, computer science, and information technology. It uses a numerical citation system in square brackets and a numbered reference list.
  • Example: “An engineering thesis would likely use IEEE, with citations like [1] in the text and a corresponding entry in the reference list: [1] J. Doe, ‘Title of paper,’ Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. X, no. Y, pp. Z-Z, Month, Year.”

It is crucial to understand that while your university guidelines dictate the overall “envelope” of your thesis (margins, page order, general font), the academic style guide dictates the “contents” within that envelope (how you cite, how your reference list looks, specific heading capitalization, and sometimes even the structure of your arguments). Your university’s manual will often explicitly state which style guide to follow for your discipline. If it doesn’t, consult your supervisor or department. Consistency within the chosen style guide is paramount. Do not mix and match rules from different guides.

The Anatomy of a Thesis: Essential Sections and Their Formatting

A thesis is a highly structured document, and each section serves a distinct purpose, demanding specific formatting to maintain clarity, professionalism, and adherence to academic standards. Understanding the required components and their individual formatting nuances is crucial for a seamless presentation.

Title Page

The title page is the very first impression your thesis makes. It must be meticulously formatted, as it contains critical identifying information. While specific layouts vary, common elements include:

• Full Title of the Thesis: This should be centered, in all capital letters, and often in a larger font size than the main text (e.g., 14pt or 16pt). It should be concise yet descriptive, accurately reflecting your research.
  • Example: “A thesis title might be: ‘THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON CREATIVE WRITING PROCESSES: A MIXED-METHODS STUDY OF EMERGING AUTHORS’.”
• Author’s Full Name: Your name, as it appears on official university records, typically centered and placed below the title.
• Degree and Department: The full name of the degree you are pursuing (e.g., “Doctor of Philosophy,” “Master of Arts”) and the department or program.
• University Name: The full, official name of your institution.
• Date of Submission/Graduation: The month and year of your thesis submission or graduation.
• Supervisor’s Name(s): Often included, sometimes with their title (e.g., “A thesis submitted to the Faculty of [Faculty Name] in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of [Degree Name] by [Your Name] under the supervision of [Supervisor’s Name]”).

Formatting Tip: The title page is typically unnumbered, but it is counted as page ‘i’ in the preliminary page sequence. Ensure no header or footer appears on this page.

Abstract

The abstract is a concise, standalone summary of your entire thesis. It allows readers to quickly grasp your research question, methodology, key findings, and conclusions without reading the entire document.

• Conciseness: Abstracts typically have strict word count limits (e.g., 150-300 words). Every word must be impactful.
• Keywords: A list of 3-7 keywords is often required below the abstract, facilitating discoverability in databases.
• Formatting: The abstract is almost always a single block paragraph, not indented, and usually double-spaced like the main text, though some universities may specify single-spacing for the abstract itself. The heading “ABSTRACT” is typically centered and in all caps.
  • Example: “The abstract text should begin immediately below the ‘ABSTRACT’ heading. If keywords are required, they usually follow on a new line, indented, e.g., ‘Keywords: Artificial intelligence, creative writing, authorial process, mixed methods, digital humanities.'”

Table of Contents (TOC)

The Table of Contents provides an organized overview of your thesis’s structure, listing all major headings and subheadings with their corresponding page numbers.

• Auto-generation: Always use your word processor’s automatic TOC generation feature (e.g., in Microsoft Word, Google Docs, or LaTeX). This ensures accuracy and updates automatically if page numbers change. Manual TOC creation is prone to errors and time-consuming.
• Levels of Headings: The TOC should reflect the hierarchical structure of your thesis, typically showing up to three or four levels of headings (e.g., Chapter, Major Section, Subsection).
• Leader Dots and Page Numbers: Leader dots (a series of periods) connect the heading title to the right-aligned page number.
• Preliminary Pages: The TOC itself, along with the abstract, lists of figures/tables, and acknowledgements, are typically included in the TOC, but their page numbers are in Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.). The main body of the thesis begins with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.).
  • Example: “Ensure your TOC accurately reflects all headings and subheadings in your document. 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to the user’s request.

The user wants a very long article (over 3000 words) on thesis formatting. I need to break this down into manageable chunks and ensure I cover all the requested aspects (SEO, human-like, actionable, examples, structure, no fluff, no specific intro/outro phrases).

Given the length, I will generate the article section by section. I will start with the introduction and the first H2 section. I will keep track of the word count as I go.

Plan:
1. Generate Introduction and “Understanding the Foundation” section.
2. Generate “The Anatomy of a Thesis” section.
3. Generate “Mastering the Details” section.
4. Generate “Leveraging Technology” section.
5. Generate “The Final Review” section.
6. Generate Conclusion.
7. Review and expand any sections to meet the word count and quality requirements.

Let’s start with the first part.The culmination of years of rigorous academic pursuit, your thesis or dissertation stands as a testament to your intellectual journey, research prowess, and scholarly contribution. Yet, beyond the groundbreaking ideas and meticulously gathered data, lies a critical, often underestimated, component: its formatting. A perfectly formatted thesis isn’t merely an aesthetic nicety; it is a non-negotiable requirement that underpins your work’s credibility, ensures its readability, and, most importantly, dictates its acceptance. Ignoring the intricate rules of thesis formatting is akin to presenting a masterpiece on a crumpled canvas – the brilliance of the content is overshadowed by a lack of professional presentation.

This comprehensive guide delves into the precise, actionable steps required to transform your raw manuscript into a polished, compliant, and professionally presented thesis. We will strip away the ambiguity, provide concrete examples, and equip you with the knowledge to navigate the often-daunting landscape of academic formatting. From understanding the foundational guidelines to mastering the minutiae of page numbering and leveraging advanced word processing features, every detail will be covered, ensuring your thesis not only meets but exceeds the stringent standards of academic excellence. Prepare to meticulously craft a document that reflects the true caliber of your scholarship.

Understanding the Foundation: University Guidelines and Style Guides

Before a single word of your thesis is formatted, or even written, your absolute first step must be to acquire and thoroughly comprehend the specific formatting guidelines issued by your university or academic institution. This is not merely a suggestion; it is the bedrock upon which your entire formatting strategy must be built. These institutional guidelines are the supreme authority, superseding any general advice, academic style guide, or personal preference. Failure to adhere to them is the most common reason for thesis rejection or mandatory revisions, often at the eleventh hour.

University-Specific Requirements: Your Primary Directive

Every university, and sometimes even individual departments or faculties within a university, maintains a unique set of rules for thesis and dissertation submission. These rules are typically compiled into a comprehensive document, often titled “Thesis and Dissertation Manual,” “Graduate School Formatting Guidelines,” or “Submission Requirements for Theses and Dissertations.” Your immediate task is to locate this document. It is usually available on the graduate school’s website, the library’s academic resources page, or your department’s administrative portal. Do not rely on anecdotal advice from peers or outdated versions; always seek the most current official document.

Once obtained, read this manual meticulously, from cover to cover. Pay particular attention to sections detailing:

• Binding and Paper Quality: Some universities specify the type of paper (e.g., acid-free, 20 lb bond), the color, and even the binding method (e.g., hardbound, softbound, spiral). While these might seem like minor details, they are often non-negotiable for physical copies. For digital submissions, ensure you understand the required file format (almost universally PDF) and any specific naming conventions.
  • Example: “Your university’s manual might state: ‘All print copies must be on 8.5 x 11-inch, 20 lb, acid-free, white paper, with a minimum of 25% cotton content. Hardbound copies are required for library archiving, with specific color and lettering specifications. For instance, the cover must be navy blue with gold lettering, and the spine must include your last name, the degree, and the year of graduation.'” This level of detail is common and must be followed precisely.
• Submission Format: Clarify whether your submission is entirely digital, requires physical copies, or both. Understand the process for electronic submission platforms, including file size limits, metadata requirements, and deadlines. Many institutions use online portals that require specific file naming conventions (e.g., LastName_FirstName_Thesis_Year.pdf) and may have strict upload windows.
  • Example: “The guidelines may stipulate: ‘Final thesis submission is exclusively via the university’s online repository in a single, searchable PDF file. Ensure all fonts are embedded and security settings allow for printing and text selection. The file size must not exceed 50 MB. Submissions are accepted only between May 1st and May 15th for Spring graduation.'”
• Page Order: The sequence of preliminary pages (title page, abstract, table of contents, etc.) is often rigidly defined. Deviating from this order can lead to immediate rejection. This order is not arbitrary; it’s designed for consistent archiving and readability.
  • Example: “The manual might specify: ‘The preliminary pages must appear in the following order: Title Page, Copyright Page (optional but recommended), Abstract, Dedication (optional), Acknowledgements (optional), Table of Contents, List of Tables, List of Figures, List of Symbols/Abbreviations (if applicable), Preface (optional). No other pages are permitted before the first chapter of the main text.'”
• Specific Margin Requirements: While general academic standards exist, your university will have precise measurements for top, bottom, left, and right margins, often with a larger left margin to accommodate binding. These are often measured to the nearest tenth of an inch.
  • Example: “A common university requirement is: ‘All pages must have a minimum of 1-inch margins on the top, bottom, and right sides. The left margin must be 1.5 inches to allow for proper binding. This applies to all content, including text, figures, tables, and page numbers.'”
• Font Types and Sizes: Beyond general recommendations, specific fonts (e.g., Times New Roman, Arial) and their exact sizes for the main text, headings, captions, footnotes, and page numbers are frequently mandated. This ensures uniformity across all submitted theses.
  • Example: “The guidelines might state: ‘The main body text must be in 12-point Times New Roman. Chapter titles should be 14-point, bold, and centered. Major section headings (Level 2) must be 12-point, bold, and flush left. Footnotes must be 10-point Times New Roman, and figure/table captions must be 10-point Arial.'”
• Line Spacing: While double-spacing is common for the main text, specific sections like block quotations, footnotes, and reference lists often require single-spacing. Your university will clarify these exceptions.
  • Example: “The manual may state: ‘All main body text, including the abstract and appendices, must be double-spaced. Exceptions include block quotations (four lines or more), footnotes, table and figure captions, and the reference list, all of which must be single-spaced with a blank line between entries.'”

Treat your university’s formatting manual as your ultimate authority. Create a checklist from its contents and tick off each item as you format, ensuring no detail is overlooked. This proactive approach will save you immense stress during the final submission phase.

Academic Style Guides (and when they apply)

While your university’s guidelines dictate the overarching structural and aesthetic elements of your thesis, academic style guides govern the internal mechanics of scholarly writing, particularly concerning citations, references, and sometimes even heading levels and general prose. The choice of style guide is almost always dictated by your academic discipline. Adherence to a specific style guide ensures consistency, clarity, and academic integrity within your field.

Common academic style guides include:

• APA (American Psychological Association): Predominantly used in social sciences (psychology, sociology, education), business, and nursing. It emphasizes author-date citations, a specific structure for empirical research papers, and clear, concise language. APA also has detailed rules for statistical reporting, tables, and figures.
  • Example: “If your thesis is in psychology, APA 7th Edition will dictate your in-text citations (e.g., Smith, 2023, p. 45), your reference list format (e.g., Smith, J. (2023). Title of work: Subtitle. Publisher. DOI if applicable), and specific heading levels (e.g., Level 1: Centered, Bold, Title Case; Level 2: Flush Left, Bold, Title Case; Level 3: Flush Left, Bold, Italic, Title Case). It will also specify how to format a running head and page numbers for journal submission, though your university guidelines will override the running head for the thesis itself.”
• MLA (Modern Language Association): Primarily used in the humanities, especially literature, language, and cultural studies. It focuses on author-page number citations and a “Works Cited” list. MLA is less prescriptive about document formatting than APA, often deferring to institutional guidelines for margins and general layout, but it is very strict on citation and source integration.
  • Example: “For a literature thesis, MLA 9th Edition would require in-text citations like (Austen 125) and a Works Cited entry such as: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Penguin Classics, 2007. It would also specify how to format quotations (e.g., block quotes for prose exceeding four lines, poetry exceeding three lines), and the capitalization of titles.”
• Chicago (Chicago Manual of Style): Highly versatile, used in history, arts, and some social sciences. It offers two distinct citation systems: Notes and Bibliography (for humanities) and Author-Date (for sciences). Chicago is known for its flexibility and comprehensive coverage of publishing conventions.
  • Example: “A history thesis might use Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography system, requiring footnotes or endnotes for citations (e.g., ¹ John Doe, The History of Everything (New York: Publisher, 2020), 15.) and a comprehensive bibliography at the end (e.g., Doe, John. The History of Everything. New York: Publisher, 2020.). It also provides detailed guidance on formatting tables, figures, and even the use of ellipses and brackets in quotations.”
• Harvard Referencing: A generic term for an author-date system, widely used in the UK and Australia, particularly in economics, business, and natural sciences. Its specific rules can vary by institution, as there is no single “official” Harvard style manual. You must consult your university’s specific interpretation of Harvard.
  • Example: “In a business thesis using Harvard, an in-text citation might be (Porter, 1980) and the reference list entry: Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy. New York: Free Press. The specific punctuation and capitalization within the reference list entry can vary significantly between different Harvard implementations, so always refer to your university’s guide.”
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): Standard for engineering, computer science, and information technology. It uses a numerical citation system in square brackets and a numbered reference list. IEEE is very precise about the formatting of equations, figures, and tables, often requiring specific fonts and sizes within these elements.
  • Example: “An engineering thesis would likely use IEEE, with citations like [1] in the text and a corresponding entry in the reference list: [1] J. Doe, ‘Title of paper,’ Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. X, no. Y, pp. Z-Z, Month, Year. It also dictates that equations should be numbered sequentially in parentheses on the right margin, e.g., (1), and that figures and tables should have specific caption placements and numbering schemes.”

It is crucial to understand that while your university guidelines dictate the overall “envelope” of your thesis (margins, page order, general font), the academic style guide dictates the “contents” within that envelope (how you cite, how your reference list looks, specific heading capitalization, and sometimes even the structure of your arguments). Your university’s manual will often explicitly state which style guide to follow for your discipline. If it doesn’t, consult your supervisor or department. Consistency within the chosen style guide is paramount. Do not mix and match rules from different guides. For instance, do not use APA in-text citations with an MLA Works Cited page. This will be flagged as a major formatting error.

The Anatomy of a Thesis: Essential Sections and Their Formatting

A thesis is a highly structured document, and each section serves a distinct purpose, demanding specific formatting to maintain clarity, professionalism, and adherence to academic standards. Understanding the required components and their individual formatting nuances is crucial for a seamless presentation.

Title Page

The title page is the very first impression your thesis makes. It must be meticulously formatted, as it contains critical identifying information. While specific layouts vary, common elements include:

• Full Title of the Thesis: This should be centered, in all capital letters, and often in a larger font size than the main text (e.g., 14pt or 16pt). It should be concise yet descriptive, accurately reflecting your research. Avoid abbreviations unless they are universally understood in your field.
  • Example: “A thesis title might be: ‘THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON CREATIVE WRITING PROCESSES: A MIXED-METHODS STUDY OF EMERGING AUTHORS’. This title is clear, specific, and uses appropriate capitalization as often required.”
• Author’s Full Name: Your name, as it appears on official university records, typically centered and placed below the title. Do not include titles like “Mr.” or “Dr.”
• Degree and Department: The full name of the degree you are pursuing (e.g., “Doctor of Philosophy,” “Master of Arts”) and the department or program. This is usually phrased as “A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of [Faculty Name] in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of [Degree Name] in [Department Name].”
• University Name: The full, official name of your institution, often followed by the city and state/country.
• Date of Submission/Graduation: The month and year of your thesis submission or graduation. This is typically the month and year of the degree conferral, not necessarily the exact date you hand in the document.
• Supervisor’s Name(s): Often included, sometimes with their title (e.g., “Under the Supervision of Professor Jane Doe”). If you have co-supervisors, list them both.

Formatting Tip: The title page is typically unnumbered, but it is counted as page ‘i’ in the preliminary page sequence. Ensure no header or footer appears on this page. The spacing between elements on the title page is often larger than standard double-spacing to create a visually balanced layout; consult your university’s manual for precise vertical spacing.

Abstract

The abstract is a concise, standalone summary of your entire thesis. It allows readers to quickly grasp your research question, methodology, key findings, and conclusions without reading the entire document. It is often the most read section after the title.

• Conciseness: Abstracts typically have strict word count limits (e.g., 150-300 words, sometimes up to 500 words for dissertations). Every word must be impactful and contribute to the summary. Avoid jargon where possible, or define it briefly.
• Keywords: A list of 3-7 keywords is often required below the abstract, facilitating discoverability in academic databases and search engines. These should be terms that accurately represent the core concepts of your research.
• Formatting: The abstract is almost always a single block paragraph, not indented, and usually double-spaced like the main text, though some universities may specify single-spacing for the abstract itself. The heading “ABSTRACT” is typically centered, in all caps, and often bold. The abstract text begins immediately below this heading.
  • Example: “The abstract text should begin immediately below the ‘ABSTRACT’ heading. If keywords are required, they usually follow on a new line, indented, e.g., ‘Keywords: Artificial intelligence, creative writing, authorial process, mixed methods, digital humanities.’ The abstract itself should summarize the problem, methods, results, and implications in a single, coherent paragraph.”

Table of Contents (TOC)

The Table of Contents provides an organized overview of your thesis’s structure, listing all major headings and subheadings with their corresponding page numbers. It is a navigational tool for the reader.

• Auto-generation: Always use your word processor’s automatic TOC generation feature (e.g., in Microsoft Word, Google Docs, or LaTeX). This is non-negotiable. It ensures accuracy, consistency, and updates automatically if page numbers or heading text change. Manual TOC creation is prone to errors, incredibly time-consuming, and will almost certainly lead to formatting issues.
• Levels of Headings: The TOC should reflect the hierarchical structure of your thesis, typically showing up to three or four levels of headings (e.g., Chapter, Major Section, Subsection). Do not include every minor subheading if it makes the TOC excessively long or cluttered; follow your university’s guidance on the maximum number of levels to display.
• Leader Dots and Page Numbers: Leader dots (a series of periods) connect the heading title to the right-aligned page number. The page numbers themselves must be perfectly aligned on the right margin.
• Preliminary Pages: The TOC itself, along with the abstract, lists of figures/tables, and acknowledgements, are typically included in the TOC, but their page numbers are in Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.). The main body of the thesis begins with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.). The TOC heading (“TABLE OF CONTENTS”) is usually centered and in all caps.
  • Example: “Ensure your TOC accurately reflects all headings and subheadings in your document. Chapter 1: 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